本文节选自《骨肌疾病体外冲击波疗法》主编 邢更彦
冲击波在骨科和泌尿外科中,使用了两种完全不同的工作原理:前者是冲击波产生所需的刺激去促进肌腱、周围组织和骨组织等愈合,而后者则是冲击波迫使尿结石或肾结石碎裂。 空化效应是冲击波独有的一种特性,在骨组织及软组织病的治疗时,病灶范围内大量气泡的空化效应,是打通生理性关闭的微血管、松解关节软组织粘连的有利因素,由不良反应变成了治疗作用。 在体外冲击波碎石技术中,冲击波的空化效应是由声波引起的,在声波张应力的作用下,液体爆裂而形成大量的水泡或气泡,当气泡表面的压力快速下降时,气泡突然破裂,气泡破裂时产生高速液体微喷射,微喷射直接作用于结石或组织表面,微喷射所产生的撞击力是结石粉碎和组织损伤的重要原因。 用于骨科治疗的冲击波能量变动范围要求较大。低能量和中能量多用于治疗软组织慢性损伤性疾病、软骨损伤性疾病及位置浅表性骨不连;高能量多用于治疗位置较深的骨不连及骨折延迟愈合和股骨头坏死等成骨障碍性疾病。骨肌系统疾病治疗前可行痛点结合X线、B超、MRI 或多种辅助检查协同定位。 碎石治疗中能量要高于骨科治疗所需能量。结石治疗前需要精确的定位,多采用 B超、X线或两者协同定位。 治疗骨科疾病时,冲击波的聚焦范围并非越小越好,因为对于骨科和软组织疾病的病灶区域一般涉及的是一个范围,而不是一二个点,焦点过小对于较大范围的治疗及定位都不是很方便,甚至有些部位的治疗根本不需要考虑聚焦。 碎石治疗时,要求准确聚焦到结石部位,治疗能量才能起到粉碎结石的效果。 杨军 [1] Kim YH,Jang SI, Rhee K,Lee DK. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic calculi. Clin Endosc,2014, 47 (3) :227-235. [2] Leong WS, Liong ML, Liong YV, Wu DB, Lee SW.Does simultaneous inversion during extracorporealshock wave lithotripsy improve stone clearance: a long-term, prospective, single-blind, randomized con-trolled study. Urology, 2014,83 (1) :40-44. [3] Foda K, Abdeldaeim H, Youssif M, Assem A. Calculating the number of shock waves, expulsion time, andoptimum stone parameters based on noncontrast computerized tomography characteristics. Urology,2013,82(5): 1026-1031. [4] Liu J, Zang YJ. Comparative study between three analgesic agents for the pain management during extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Urol J,2013,10(3) :942-945. [5] 孙西钊.医用冲击波•上海;上海交通大学出版社,2001. [6] 汤文辉.冲击波物理.科学出版社,2011• [7]浣石,黄风雷,汪保和.冲击波致伤作用实验研究进展.医用生物力学,2006,21(2):163-168. [8]Qin Z, Linghu EQ.Temporary placement of a fully covered self-expandable metal stent in the pancreaticduct for aiding extraction of large pancreatic duct stones: preliminary data. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,26 (11):1273-1277. [9] 韩见知,吴开俊.体外冲击波碎石技术•人民卫生出版社,2004. [10]陈景秋,赵万星,曾忠.ESWL 实际焦点位置的理论和数值分析.中国生物医学工程学报,2004,23(2):47.251. [11] Sarica K,Kafkasli A, Yazici O, et al. Ureteral wall thickness at the impacted ureteral stone site: a criticalpredictor for success rates after SWL.Urolithiasis,2014. [12] Abdelaziz H, Elabiad Y, Aderroui I, et al. The usefulness of stone density and patient stoutness in predic-ting extracorporeal shock wave efficiency: Results in a North African ethnic group. Can Urol Assoc J,2014,8(7-8): E567-569. [13] 营喜岐,森田長吉,等.体外冲击波碎石焦点附近声压分布的时城有限差分法数值分析.生物物理学报,2006,22(1): 62-66. [14] Rassweiler J,Rassweiler MC, Frede T, Alken P.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: An opinion on itsfuture.Indian J Urol,2014,30(1):73-79. [15] Goertz O, Hauser J, Hirsch T, et al. Short-term effects of extracorporeal shock waves on microcirculation.J Surg Res,2015,194(1) :304-311. [16] Ogden JA, Toth-KischkatA, Schultheiss R. Principle of shock wave therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2001,387:8-17. [17] Elkholy MM, Ismail H, Abdelkhalek MA, Badr MM, Elfeky MM. Efficacy of extracorporeal shockwavelithotripsy using Dornier SI in different levels of ureteral stones. Urol Ann,2014,6(4): 346-351. [18] Wang JC, Zhou Y.Suppressing bubble shielding effect in shock wave lithotripsy by low intensity pulsedultrasound. Ultrasonics,2015,55:65-74. [19] Ito K, Igarashi Y, Okano N, et al. Efficacy of combined endoscopic lithotomy and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, and additional electrohydraulic lithotripsy using the SpyGlass direct visualization systemor X-ray guided EHL as needed, for pancreatic lithiasis.Biomed Res Int,2014.732-781. [20] 张德俊.空化效应与超声治疗仪.中国超声医学杂志,1998,14(4):9-23. [21] Singh BP, Prakash J, Sankhwar SN, et al.Retrograde intrarenal surgery vs extracorporeal shock wave lith-otripsy for intermediate size inferior pole calculi: a prospective assessment of objective and subjective out-comes. Urology,2014,83(5):1016-1022. [22] 那更彦,江明,井茹芳,骨肌系统疾病体外沖击波疗法区其镇变与发展,中国矫形外科杂志,2005,13(1):64-66. [23] 骨肌疾病体外冲击波疗法专家共识,中国医学前沿杂志(电子版),2014,6:170-177. [24] 白晓伟,李众利,张浩,等.发散式冲击波仪器精确作用研究,中国医疗器城杂志,2014,1:26-29. [25] 张隆洁,黄广林,满立波,放散状与聚焦状沖击波治疗肱骨外上健炎的疗效比较-中国康复医学杂志,2013,2:151-153.